Logic

Greek philosopher and student of Plato who founded the Lyceum and wrote the first systematic treatises on motion, the cosmos, formal logic, zoology and meteorology, which framed natural science until the Scientific Revolution.

natural philosophy, physics, cosmology

Persian physician and philosopher whose Book of the Cure recast Aristotelian physics, including a theory of imparted inclination (mayl) for projectiles, and whose Canon of Medicine organized medicine as a science and was taught in Europe for five centuries.

natural philosophy, medicine, logic

Paris arts master who named and developed the theory of impetus, a motive power growing with quantity of matter and speed, weighed the daily rotation of the Earth, and wrote the most widely taught nominalist logic of the late Middle Ages.

natural philosophy, mechanics, logic

Co-inventor of the calculus and author of its notation, discoverer of vis viva, advocate of binary arithmetic and of a relational theory of space and time.

calculus, combinatorics, logic

Jesuit mathematician and logician whose Euclides ab omni naevo vindicatus (1733), meant to prove the parallel postulate, derived the first systematic theorems of hyperbolic geometry.

geometry, foundations of geometry, logic

Prague priest and philosopher who gave the first rigorous definitions of continuity and convergence, proved the intermediate value theorem analytically, and anticipated modern logic and set theory.

real analysis, foundations of mathematics, logic

Mathematician and logician who formulated De Morgan's laws, named mathematical induction, founded the logic of relations and was first president of the London Mathematical Society.

logic, algebra, analysis

American logician, scientist and philosopher who developed the logic of relations and quantifiers, existential graphs, the theory of signs and pragmatism, while measuring gravity for the U.S. Coast Survey.

logic, semiotics, philosophy of science