Special Relativity

Einstein's Revolution: Space and time are unified into spacetime. The speed of light is absolute. E = mc².

Chapter 2: Covariance of Maxwell's Equations

Maxwell's four equations collapse into two elegant tensor equations that are manifestly Lorentz covariant. This reveals electromagnetism's intrinsic compatibility with special relativity.

Maxwell's Equations in Tensor Form

Inhomogeneous Equations

\( \partial_\mu F^{\mu\nu} = \mu_0 J^\nu \)

Contains Gauss's law and Ampère-Maxwell law

Homogeneous Equations (Bianchi Identity)

\( \partial_\lambda F_{\mu\nu} + \partial_\mu F_{\nu\lambda} + \partial_\nu F_{\lambda\mu} = 0 \)

Contains Faraday's law and ∇·B = 0

Four-Potential Aμ

\( A^\mu = (\phi/c, \vec{A}) \)

and \( F^{\mu\nu} = \partial^\mu A^\nu - \partial^\nu A^\mu \)

The four-potential unifies scalar and vector potentials. Gauge transformations: Aμ → Aμ + ∂μχ leave Fμν unchanged.