Part 4: Applied Earth Science
Geochemistry
Thermodynamics of minerals, Goldschmidt classification, and rare earth element patterns
Isotope Geology
Radioactive decay, U-Pb concordia, Rb-Sr isochrons, and radiocarbon dating
Hydrogeology
Darcy law, aquifer types, Theis equation, contaminant transport, and saltwater intrusion
Natural Hazards
Gutenberg-Richter law, volcanic hazards, tsunami physics, and early warning systems