Calculus

Toulouse magistrate whose letters founded modern number theory, co-founded analytic geometry and probability, anticipated differential calculus and introduced the principle of least time.

number theory, analytic geometry, calculus

First Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, whose geometric lectures proved that tangent and area problems are inverse to each other.

geometry, calculus, optics

Author of the laws of motion and universal gravitation in the Principia, co-inventor of the calculus, and founder of the modern theory of colours.

mechanics, gravitation, calculus

Co-inventor of the calculus and author of its notation, discoverer of vis viva, advocate of binary arithmetic and of a relational theory of space and time.

calculus, combinatorics, logic

Basel mathematician who helped develop Leibniz's calculus, introduced the Bernoulli numbers and proved the first law of large numbers in Ars Conjectandi.

probability theory, calculus, infinite series

Basel mathematician who developed and taught Leibniz's calculus, posed the brachistochrone problem and taught Leonhard Euler.

calculus, differential equations, calculus of variations

English mathematician of Newton's circle who published the Taylor series and the calculus of finite differences in 1715, the first mathematical theory of the vibrating string, and a geometric theory of perspective.

calculus, finite differences, mathematical physics

Scottish Newtonian whose Treatise of Fluxions gave a rigorous calculus, the integral test and the Euler–Maclaurin formula, and who found the equilibrium figures of rotating fluid bodies.

calculus, analysis, geometry

Presbyterian minister whose posthumous essay of 1763 gave the first solution of the problem of inverse probability, the origin of Bayesian inference.

probability theory, statistics, calculus