Chemistry

Anglo-Irish experimental philosopher who, with Robert Hooke's air pump, established the law of pressure and volume and argued for a corpuscular, experimental chemistry.

pneumatics, chemistry, natural philosophy

Scottish physician and chemist who identified carbon dioxide (fixed air) by quantitative weighing and discovered specific heat and latent heat.

chemistry, physics of heat, calorimetry

Dissenting minister and experimenter who isolated oxygen and many other gases, discovered that plants restore air, and inferred the inverse-square law of electric force.

chemistry, electricity, natural philosophy

Swedish pharmacist-chemist who discovered oxygen independently of Priestley, described chlorine, identified several new elements and isolated the first pure organic acids.

chemistry, pharmacy, photochemistry

Founder of quantitative chemistry who established the conservation of mass, the oxygen theory of combustion and the modern nomenclature, and with Laplace made calorimetry precise.

chemistry, calorimetry, physiology

Quaker teacher in Manchester who founded the chemical atomic theory, stated the law of partial pressures and gave the first scientific account of colour blindness.

chemistry, physics, meteorology

Physician turned chemist who made platinum malleable, discovered palladium and rhodium, first saw the dark lines of the solar spectrum, and invented the camera lucida and reflecting goniometer.

chemistry, metallurgy, optics

Founder of electrodynamics, who discovered the forces between electric currents in 1820 and gave them their first mathematical law.

electrodynamics, mathematics, chemistry

Piedmontese physicist who proposed in 1811 that equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules and that elementary gases are polyatomic, the foundation of molecular formulas and of the constant that bears his name.

physics, chemistry, molecular theory

Danish physicist and chemist who discovered in 1820 that an electric current deflects a magnetic needle, founding electromagnetism.

electromagnetism, physics, chemistry

Cornish chemist who used the voltaic battery to isolate potassium, sodium and the alkaline-earth metals, showed chlorine to be an element and invented the miner's safety lamp.

chemistry, electrochemistry, physics

French chemist and physicist who established the uniform expansion of gases and the law of combining volumes, isolated boron, named iodine and cyanogen, and founded precise volumetric analysis.

chemistry, physics, analytical chemistry

Swedish chemist who measured accurate atomic weights, introduced modern chemical symbols, discovered cerium, selenium and thorium, and named isomerism and catalysis.

chemistry, electrochemistry, mineralogy

English experimental physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction, the laws of electrolysis, diamagnetism and the magneto-optical effect, and introduced the concept of the field.

electromagnetism, electrochemistry, magneto-optics

Experimental chemist who founded spectral analysis with Kirchhoff, discovered caesium and rubidium, and made gas analysis, photochemistry and calorimetry quantitative.

chemistry, analytical chemistry, spectroscopy

Chemist and microbiologist who discovered molecular chirality, showed that fermentation and many diseases are caused by living micro-organisms, and developed pasteurization and the first laboratory-attenuated vaccines.

chemistry, stereochemistry, microbiology

Italian chemist whose 1858 Sunto revived Avogadro's hypothesis to fix atomic weights, decisively at the 1860 Karlsruhe Congress, and discoverer of the Cannizzaro reaction.

chemistry, atomic theory, organic chemistry

London chemist and physicist who discovered thallium, invented the radiometer, the Crookes tube and the spinthariscope, and also investigated spirit mediums.

chemistry, spectroscopy, vacuum physics

Russian chemist who formulated the periodic law in 1869 and used it to predict gallium, scandium and germanium.

chemistry, periodic law, physical chemistry

Scottish chemist who discovered argon with Lord Rayleigh and then helium, neon, krypton and xenon, completing a new group of the periodic table.

chemistry, physical chemistry, noble gases

Polish-French physicist and chemist who showed that radioactivity is an atomic property, discovered polonium and radium with Pierre Curie, and was the first person awarded two Nobel Prizes.

physics, chemistry, radioactivity