Philosophy of science

Founder of electrodynamics, who discovered the forces between electric currents in 1820 and gave them their first mathematical law.

electrodynamics, mathematics, chemistry

Astronomer and mathematician who surveyed the southern sky, catalogued nebulae and double stars, introduced the notation f^{-1}, and founded much of the chemistry and vocabulary of photography.

astronomy, mathematics, optics

Experimental physicist who first photographed shock waves, explained Mach bands and the sense of rotation, and whose critique of absolute space shaped Einstein's general relativity.

experimental physics, gas dynamics, sensory physiology

American logician, scientist and philosopher who developed the logic of relations and quantifiers, existential graphs, the theory of signs and pragmatism, while measuring gravity for the U.S. Coast Survey.

logic, semiotics, philosophy of science

Founder of statistical mechanics, author of the Boltzmann equation, the H-theorem and the statistical interpretation of entropy, and champion of the atomic theory.

theoretical physics, statistical mechanics, kinetic theory

Founder of physical chemistry as a discipline, author of the dilution law and the modern definition of catalysis, and 1909 Nobel laureate in chemistry.

physical chemistry, electrochemistry, catalysis

Universal mathematician who created automorphic functions, the qualitative theory of dynamical systems and algebraic topology, discovered chaos in the three-body problem, and formulated the Lorentz group of relativity.

complex analysis, differential equations, celestial mechanics