History of Physics

From the Copernican revolution to quantum field theory — trace the ideas, experiments, and personalities that built our understanding of the physical universe.

About This Course

This course traces the development of physics from the Scientific Revolution of the 16th century through the great unifications of the 19th century, the revolutionary discoveries of the 20th century, and the frontiers of modern research. Along the way, we encounter the brilliant minds — and fierce debates — that shaped our understanding of nature.

Organized into six chronological parts with 19 chapters, supplemented by over 100 documentary films and lectures, the course provides a comprehensive journey through the history of physical science.

Course Structure

Part I

The Scientific Revolution

1500–1700

Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler overthrow the ancient cosmos and lay the foundations of modern science.

Part II

Newton & the Age of Reason

1650–1800

Newton unifies terrestrial and celestial mechanics, the Royal Society institutionalizes science, and optics reveals the nature of light.

Part III

Heat, Energy & Chemistry

1700–1850

The chemical revolution transforms our understanding of matter, the steam engine drives industrialization, and thermodynamics unifies energy.

Part IV

Electricity & Magnetism

1750–1900

From Benjamin Franklin's kite to Maxwell's equations, the electromagnetic revolution transforms civilization.

Part V

The Atomic Revolution

1895–1945

Radioactivity, relativity, quantum mechanics, and nuclear physics shatter classical certainties and reshape our world.

Part VI

Modern Physics

1945–Present

Particle physics, cosmology, and cutting-edge research continue to push the boundaries of human knowledge.

Timeline Highlights

1543Copernicus publishes De Revolutionibus — the heliocentric model
1609Galileo turns his telescope to the heavens; Kepler publishes his first two laws
1687Newton publishes Principia Mathematica — universal gravitation
1774Priestley discovers oxygen; Lavoisier begins the Chemical Revolution
1831Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction
1865Maxwell publishes his electromagnetic theory of light
1895Röntgen discovers X-rays; the atomic age begins
1905Einstein's annus mirabilis — special relativity and the photoelectric effect
1925Heisenberg and Schrödinger create quantum mechanics
1945The atomic bomb; nuclear energy becomes reality
2012Discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN

Recommended Reading

  • The Structure of Scientific Revolutions — Thomas S. Kuhn (1962)
  • The Sleepwalkers — Arthur Koestler (1959)
  • The Elegant Universe — Brian Greene (1999)
  • QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter — Richard Feynman (1985)
  • Thirty Years that Shook Physics — George Gamow (1966)
  • The Making of the Atomic Bomb — Richard Rhodes (1986)